Solar inverters

Inverters convert electricity between AC and DC and accompany all battery installations. AC electricity is needed to power appliances in your home, while DC electricity is generated from solar panels and is needed to charge the batteries. 

Selecting an Inverter - Solar and Backup

How to select an inverter for a solar system - covers sinewave, modified sine wave, grid tie, and backup power. 

We use many types, sizes, brands, and models of inverters. Various options are also available. Choosing which one is best from such a long list can be a chore. There is no "best" inverter for all purposes - what might be great for an ambulance would not be suited for an RV. Power output is usually the main factor, but there are many others. 

There are many factors that go into selecting the best inverter (and options) for your application, especially when you get into the higher power ranges (800 watts or more). This page should give you the information you need to get your selection down to what will work best for you. 

Off Grid Battery Based Inverters

Battery based inverters use energy stored in a lead acid or lithium battery to generate AC output power that runs the loads. The low voltage DC battery energy is “inverted” into higher voltage alternating AC current and can sustain appliance loads as long as there is energy in the battery system. Battery based inverters can also have a charging function that allows re-charge of its batteries with an external AC source like a generator or utility grid. Popular Battery based inverters come from manufacturers like Victron Energy, Schneider Electric, Outback Power, and others. 

Grid Tie Inverters

Grid tie inverters can use solar modules as the source of DC energy to invert and create alternating current output. These inverters don’t use batteries and only generate AC power when the sun is shining on the solar modules. Grid tie inverters most often are used to “sell back” or “back feed” the utility grid, providing power to a home or business reducing or eliminating the need to purchase electricity from the power company. SMA, Fronius, Goodwe, Enphase, Solis all make grid tie inverter solutions. 

Solar Hybrid Inverters

Recently Hybrid Inverters have become more and more popular and operate like an off grid and grid tie inverter in the same box. Hybrid Inverters can operate just like a grid tie only inverter with or without a battery and can also be used completely off grid when there is no utility available. Use of a battery allows hybrid inverters to store solar energy during the day and then use that energy after dark when utility rates might be higher. In an installation where the utility is available, they can even operate in “self consumption” mode that can reduce utility bills without the need for a grid intertie agreement with the power company.

 Some Basics First...

Watts 

The poor watt is often misunderstood. Watts are basically just a measure of how much power a device uses, or can supply, when turned on. A watt is a watt - there is no such thing as "watts per hour", or "watts per day". If something uses 100 watts, that is simply the voltage times the amps. If it draws 10 amps at 12 volts, or 1 amp at 120 volts, it is still 120 watts. A watt is defined as one Joule per second, so saying watts per hour is like saying "miles per hour per day". 

Watt-hours 

A watt-hour (or kilowatt hour, kWh) is simply how many watts times how many hours that is used for. This is what most people mean when they say "watts per day". If a light uses 100 watts, and it is on for 9 hours, that is 900 watt-hours. If a microwave uses 1500 watts, and runs for 10 minutes, that is 1/6th of an hour x 1500, or 250 WH. When you buy power from your friendly utility (look at your last bill), they sell it to you at so much per kWh. A kWh is a "kilowatt-hour", or 1000 watts for one hour (or 1 watt for 1000 hours). 

Amps 

An amp is a measure of electrical current at the moment. (Amps do not come in "amps per hour" or "amps per day" either). Amps are important because it determines what wire size you need, especially on the DC (low voltage) side of an inverter. All wire has resistance, and amps flowing through a wire makes heat. If your wire is too small for the amps, you get hot wires. You can also get voltage drops in the wire if it is too small. This is not usually a good thing. An amp is defined as 1 Coulomb per second. 
A Coulomb is the charge of 6.24 x 1018 electrons. Therefore, 1 Amp is equal to the charge of 6.24 x 1018 electrons passing a point in a circuit in 1 second.

Amp-Hours

Amp-hours (usually abbreviated as AH) are what most people mean when they say "amps per hour" etc. Amps x time = AH. AH are very important, as it is the main measure of battery capacity. Since most inverters run from batteries, the AH capacity determines how long you can run.

Watts - Or What Size Power Inverter do I Need?

Peak Power vs Typical or Average

An inverter needs to supply two needs - Peak, or surge power, and the typical or usual power. 

• Surge is the maximum power that the inverter can supply, usually for only a short time - a few seconds up to 15 minutes or so. Some appliances, particularly those with electric motors, need a much higher startup surge than they do when running. Pumps are the most common example - another common one is refrigerators (compressors).
• Typical is what the inverter has to supply on a steady basis. This is the continuous rating. This is usually much lower than the surge. For example, this would be what a refrigerator pulls after the first few seconds it takes for the motor to start up, or what it takes to run the microwave - or what all loads combined will total up to. (see our note about appliance power and/or name tag ratings at the end of this section).
• Average power would usually be much less than typical or surge and is not usually a factor in choosing an inverter. If you run a pump for 20 minutes and a small TV for 20 minutes during a one hour period, the average might be only 300 watts, even though the pump requires 2000. Average power is only useful in estimating battery capacity needed. Inverters must be sized for the maximum peak load, and for the typical continuous load.

Power Ratings of Inverters

Inverters come in size ratings all the way from 50 watts up to 50,000 watts, although units larger than 11,000 watts are very seldom used in household or other PV systems. The first thing you have to know about your inverter is what will be the maximum surge, and for how long. (More about 230 volts pumps etc later).

• Surge: All inverters have a continuous rating and a surge rating. The surge rating is usually specified at so many watts for so many seconds. This means that the inverter will handle an overload of that many watts for a short period of time. This surge capacity will vary considerably between inverters, and different types of inverters, and even within the same brand. It may range from as little as 20% to as much s 300%. Generally, a 3 to 15-second surge rating is enough to cover 99% of all appliances - the motor in a pump may actually surge for only 1/2 second or so.
• General Rules: The inverters with the lowest surge ratings are the high-speed electronic switching type (the most common). These are typically from 25% to 50% maximum overload. This includes most inverters made by Statpower, Cotek, Exeltech, Power to Go, Phocos, Sol-Ark and nearly all the inexpensive inverters in the 50 to 5000-watt range. The highest surge ratings are the transformer based, low-frequency switchers. This includes most Schneider, Xantrex, Magnum, Victron Energy and Outback Power. Surge ratings on these can range up to 300% for short periods. While high-frequency switching allows a much smaller and lighter unit, due to the much smaller transformers used it also reduces the surge or peak capacity.
• Pros and Cons: Although the high-frequency switching type doesn't have the surge capacity of the transformer based, they do have some definite advantages. They are much lighter, usually quite a bit smaller, and (especially in the lower power ranges) they are much cheaper. However, if you are going to run something like a submersible well pump, you will need either very high surge capacity or you will need to oversize the inverter above its typical usage, so that even at maximum surge the inverter will not exceed its surge rating.

Different Types of Inverters

Sine Wave, Modified Sine, and Square Wave - Say What?

There are 3 major types of inverters - sine wave (sometimes referred to as a "true" or "pure" sine wave), modified sine wave (actually a modified square wave), and square wave.

• Sine Wave
  A sine wave is what you get from your local utility company and (usually) from a generator.  This is because it is generated by rotating AC machinery and sine waves are a natural product of rotating AC machinery. The major advantage of a sine wave inverter is that all of the equipment which is sold on the market is designed for a sine wave. This guarantees that the equipment will work to its full specifications. Some appliances, such as motors and microwave ovens will only produce full output with sine wave power. A few appliances, such as bread makers, light dimmers, and some battery chargers require a sine wave to work at all. Sine wave inverters are always more expensive - from 2 to 3 times as much.
• Modified Sine Wave
  A modified sine wave inverter actually has a waveform more like a square wave, but with an extra step or so. A modified sine wave inverter will work fine with most equipment, although the efficiency or power will be reduced with some. Motors, such as refrigerator motor, pumps, fans etc. will use more power from the inverter due to lower efficiency. Most motors will use about 20% more power. This is because a fair percentage of a modified sine wave is higher frequencies - that is, not 60 Hz - so the motors cannot use it. Some fluorescent lights will not operate quite as bright, and some may buzz or make annoying humming noises. Appliances with electronic timers and/or digital clocks will often not operate correctly. Many appliances get their timing from the line power - basically, they take the 60 Hz (cycles per second) and divide it down to 1 per second or whatever is needed.  Because the modified sine wave is noisier and rougher than a pure sine wave, clocks and timers may run faster or not work at all. They also have some parts of the wave that are not 60 Hz, which can make clocks run fast. Items such as bread makers and light dimmers may not work at all - in many cases appliances that use electronic temperature controls will not control. The most common is on such things as variable speed drills will only have two speeds - on and off.
• Square Wave
  There are very few, but the cheapest inverters are square wave. A square wave inverter will run simple things like tools with universal motors without a problem, but not much else. Square wave inverters are seldom seen anymore.